МОЛОДЁЖНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ ДЛЯ ТЕХ, КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ПЕРВЫЕ ШАГИ В НАУКЕ
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2016. Том 12. Выпуск 1. Крымоведение: пространство и время Крыма / Crimean Regional Studies: Space and Time of Crimea / Krimforschung: Raum und Zeit des Krim
Марциновский П.Н.
Феодосия во внешней торговле (1856—1914 гг.)
Марциновский Павел Николаевич, кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры исторического регионоведения и краеведения Таврической Академии Крымского федерального университета имени В.И. Вернадского, Симферополь
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-6329
E-mail: pavel-n-martsinovskii@j-spacetime.com; pnmarz@mail.ru
Статья посвящена роли г. Феодосии во внешней торговле России, в целом, и Крыма, в частности, во второй половине XIX — начале ХХ вв. на фоне крупных событий в истории государства, существенно влиявших на ход международной торговли. В статье обращено внимание, также, на влияние миграционных процессов в Крыму на ход торговли, развитие торгового порта в связи с экономическим развитием страны и полуострова.
Ключевые слова: Крым, Феодосия, внешняя торговля, порт, хлеб, зерно, экспорт, импорт.
Цитирование по ГОСТ Р 7.0.11—2011:
Марциновский, П. Н. Феодосия во внешней торговле (1856—1914) [Электронный ресурс] / П.Н. Марциновский // Электронное научное издание Альманах Пространство и Время. — 2016. — Т. 12. — Вып. 1: Крымоведение: пространство и время Крыма. — Стационарный сетевой адрес: 2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast12-1.2016.13.
Martsinovskii P.N.
Feodosia in Foreign Trade (1856—1914)
Pavel N. Martsinovskii, Ph.D. (History), Associate Professor at the Chair of Historical Regional Studies and Local History, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-6329
E-mail: pavel-n-martsinovskii@j-spacetime.com; pnmarz@mail.ru
Economic development of Crimea as part of Russian Empire (and as a part of Russia again) is a topical problem. On the other hand, state and development of international trade market during post-Crimean War — pre-WWI period are of great interest both for historians and economists.
The subject matter of my article is role of Feodosia in Russia's foreign trade and in the Crimea in 1856—1914 which problem I have investigated using economic and source analysis on the background of the main events in the history of Russian Empire that significantly influenced on the course of international trade.
In my article, I have shown that:
(i) Crimean Tatars’ migration from the Crimea into Turkey determines changing vector of trade and commercial interests in the Crimea and in Russia in whole from the traditional East to the innovative West;
(ii) both geographical characteristics of gulf of Feodosia (depth of the maritime belt, navigation capability in wintertime, etc.) and development of railway and banking infrastructures were crucial to the choice of the city as a major merchant harbor in the Crimea and further development of international maritime trade.
I paid considerable attention, too, on the features of navigation in the harbor of Feodosia, methods of commerce and competitions in the international trade (wheat trade and imports of technical equipment especially) and banking, as well as relationship between the participants of foreign trade including the role of Louis-Dreyfus Trade Hose in Crimean grain trade.
I define follows stages of foreign trade activity development in Feodosia:
(i) 1856—1865: deep decline of trade in virtue of the Crimean War and mass emigration of Crimean Tatars, as a result of which population of the peninsula was halved;
(ii) 1866—1877: recovery of foreign trade activity on the basis of the increased demand for grain bread. During this period, Feodosia asserts itself on the grain market;
(iii) 1878—1892: grain exports increasing on the basis of expanding production in the Feodosia seaport attraction zone within the limits of the Crimea against the backdrop of rising colonization of free territories;
(iv) 1893—1897: Feodosia seaport’s cargo area expansion beyond Crimea due to construction of the railway, reconstruction of Feodosia harbor itself, trade terminal and harbor facilities, as well as redistribution of traffic from Sevastopol to Feodosia;
(v) 1898—1914: transition of Feodosia from Eastern-friendly town to Crimea's main trading harbor entering the top ten ones of the South of Russia, which provided grain exports.
I conclude that changes in the structure of foreign economic activity for twenty years, from 1856 to 1877, were decisive for the development of Russia's foreign trade through the Crimea until 1914. However, imports were almost entirely designed to satisfy the domestic needs and characterized by low volumes, with some exceptions. Socio-economic changes in Russia in general and in the Crimea in particular led to a fundamental change in the structure of exports by Feodosia. Having lost an Asian flavor, foreign trade through this harbor gradually developed in the direction of the predominance of grain exports.
Keywords: Crimea, Feodosia, foreign trade, maritime terminal, wheat, grain, export, import.
Cite MLA 7:
Martsinovskii, P. N. "Feodosia in Foreign Trade (1856—1914)." Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time 12.1 (‘Crimean Regional Studies: Space and Time of Crimea’) (2016). Web. <2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast12-1.2016.13>. (In Russian).
Список литературы / References
Литература
Государственный архив Республики Крым (ГАРК). Ф. 221. Оп. 1. Д. 366, 416, 427, 442, 460, 469, 476, 519, 529, 534, 551, 555, 574, 584, 616, 809, 922, 934, 1113, 1153, 1277, 1279, 1312, 1323.
ГАРК. Ф. 369. Оп. 1. Д. 434, 460, 485, 508, 546, 598, 811а.
Бензин В.М. Хлебный экспорт России. Пг., 1915. 161 с.
Гейман В.Д. Спутник приезжего. Справочник-путеводитель по Феодосии и окрестностям. Феодосия, 1911. 63 с.
Ден В.Э. Положение России в мировом хозяйстве. Анализ русского экспорта до войны. Статистический очерк. Пг., 1922. 168 с.
Китанина Т.М. Хлебная торговля России в 1875—1914 гг. Очерки правительственной политики. Л.: Наука, 1978. 287 с.
Кнушевицкий С.А. Обзор коммерческой деятельности южно-русских портов. Харьков,1910. 205 с.
Марциновский П.Н. Крым в международной торговле, 1856—1914 гг. Дисс. … к. ист. н. Запорожье, 1997. 189 с.
Обзор внешней торговли России по европейской и азиатской границам за 1885 год. СПб., 1886. 421 с.
Обзор внешней торговли России по европейской и азиатской границам за 1888 год. СПб., 1889. 459 с.
Обзор внешней торговли России по европейской и азиатской границам за 1892 год. СПб., 1893. 683 с.
Обзор внешней торговли России по европейской и азиатской границам за 1911 год. СПб., 1913. 1013 с.
Обзор внешней торговли России по европейской и азиатской границам за 1914 год. СПб., 1916. 1070 с.
Феодосия или Севастополь? // Морской сборник. 1861. Т. 51. № 3. С. 27—31.
Jacks D.S., Meissner C.M., Novy D. "Trade Costs in the First Wave of Globalization." Explorations in Economic History 47.2 (2010): 127—141.
O'Rourke K.H. "Tariffs and Growth in the Late 19th Century." The Economic Journal 110.463 (2000): 456—483.
Pahre R. Politics and Trade Cooperation in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 446 p.
Rothstein M. "Multinationals in the Grain Trade, 1850—1914." Business and Economic History, 2nd ser. 12 (1983): 85—93.
Sifneos E. "Diaspora Entrepreneurship Revisited: Greek Merchants and Firms in the Southern Russian Ports." Entreprises et histoire 2 (2011): 40—52.
References
Benzin V.M. Russian Grain Exports. Petrograd, 1915. (In Russian).
Den V.E. Russia's Position in the World Economy. Analysis of Russian Exports before the War. Statistical Survey. Petrograd, 1922. (In Russian).
"Feodosia or Sevastopol?." Morskoy sbornik [Marine Collection] 51.3 (1861): 27—31. (in Russian).
Geiman V.D. Companion of Out-of-Towner. Reference and Guide to Feodosia and Surroundings. Feodosia, 1911. (in Russian).
Jacks D.S., Meissner C.M., Novy D. "Trade Costs in the First Wave of Globalization." Explorations in Economic History 47.2 (2010): 127—141.
Kitanina T.M. Russian Grain Trade in 1875—1914. Essays on Government Policy. Leningrad: Nauka Publisher, 1978. (In Russian).
Knushevitsky S.A. Review of Southern Russian Ports’ Business Operation. Kharkov, 1910. (In Russian).
Martsinovskii P.N. Crimea in International Trade, 1856—1914. Ph.D. diss. Zaporozhie, 1997. (In Russian).
O'Rourke K.H. "Tariffs and Growth in the Late 19th Century." The Economic Journal 110.463 (2000): 456—483.
Pahre R. Politics and Trade Cooperation in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Rothstein M. "Multinationals in the Grain Trade, 1850—1914." Business and Economic History, 2nd ser. 12 (1983): 85—93.
Russia’s Foreign Trade Review in and for European and Asian Borders for 1885. St. Petersburg, 1886. (In Russian).
Russia’s Foreign Trade Review in and for European and Asian Borders for 1888. St. Petersburg, 1889. (In Russian).
Russia’s Foreign Trade Review in and for European and Asian Borders for 1892. St. Petersburg, 1893. (In Russian).
Russia’s Foreign Trade Review in and for European and Asian Borders for 1911. St Petersburg, 1913. (In Russian).
Russia’s Foreign Trade Review in and for European and Asian Borders for 1914. St. Petersburg, 1916. (In Russian).
Sifneos E. "Diaspora Entrepreneurship Revisited: Greek Merchants and Firms in the Southern Russian Ports." Entreprises et histoire 2 (2011): 40—52.
State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, fund 221, inventory 1, files 366, 416, 427, 442, 460. 469, 476, 519, 529, 534, 551, 555, 574, 584, 616, 809. 922, 934, 1113, 1153, 1277, 1279, 1312, 1312, 1323. (In Russian).
State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, fund 369, inventory 1, files 434, 460, 485, 508, 546, 598, 811a. (In Russian).
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