Закрыть

Логин:
Пароль:
	Запомнить меня на этом компьютере
Забыли свой пароль?

  Войти      Регистрация

2015. Том 10. Выпуск 1. ПРОСТРАНСТВО И ВРЕМЯ ТЕКСТА / SPACE AND TIME OF THE TEXT / RAUM UND ZEIT DES TEXTES

ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА: ТЕКСТЫ И СМЫСЛЫ / IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE: TEXTS AND MEANINGS / KÜNSTLERISCHE LITERATUR: TEXTE UND SINNE

Челышев Е.П.

Из истории постижения смыслов пушкинского текста: проблема языка, понимания и культуры перевода

Челышев Евгений Петрович, доктор филологических наук, профессор, академик РАН, член Президиума РАН, академик-секретарь Отделения русского языка и литературы АН СССР / РАН (1988—2002), сопредседатель Научного совета РАН по изучению и охране культурного и природного наследия, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, член бюро Индийского философского общества, член Азиатского общества (Калькутта), действительный член Литературной академии Индии, член-корреспондент Португальской академии наук

E-mail: chelyshev@ras.ru

Представлен авторский взгляд на проблему перевода поэтического наследия А.С. Пушкина на иностранные языки. На примере трехтомного собрания переводов произведений поэта на три европейских языка — английский, немецкий и французский, — изданного в 1999 г. и остающегося лучшей в своем роде антологией, дан краткий исторический обзор и сравнительный анализ различных подходов к переводам пушкинских текстов, прежде всего «Евгения Онегина».

Ключевые слова: поэзия А.С. Пушкина, проблемы переводы поэзии Пушкина, переводы «Евгения Онегина», переводческая культура, культурно-исторический контекст.

Литература 

Баратынский Е.А. Стихотворения. Поэмы. Проза. Письма. М.: Гослитиздат, 1956.

Баскова Ю.С. К вопросу о переводе лирических текстов А.С. Пушкина на английский язык // Вестник Кубанского социально-экономического института. Серия Экономика. Право. Печать.2013. № 4. С. 8—13.

Белинский В.Г. Полн. собр. соч.: В 13 т. Т. 7. М.: АН СССР, 1955.

Беседа Владимира Набокова с Пьером Домергом // Звезда. 1996. № 11. С. 56—64.

Гаспаров М.Л. Классики // Краткая литературная энциклопедия / Гл. ред. А.А. Сурков. Т. 3. М.: Сов. энциклопедия. 1966. Стлб. 585.

Гнедич Н.И. Стихотворения. Л.: Советский писатель, 1956.

Гоголь Н.В. Несколько слов о Пушкине // Полн. собр. соч.: В 14 т. Т. 8. М.: АН СССР, 1952. С. 50—55

Данилевский Р. О переводах поэзии и драматургии А.С. Пушкина на немецкий язык // А.С. Пушкин Избранная поэзия в переводах на немецкий язык. М.: Рудомино; Радуга, 1999. С. 5—14.

Достоевский Ф.М. Собр. соч.: В 30 т. Т. 26. Л.: Наука, 1984.

Заборов П.Р. «Русская самобытность» в литературном наследии Эмиля Дюпре де Сен-Мора // К истории идей на Западе: «Русская идея». СПб.: Изд-во ИМЛИ РАН (Пушкинского Дома), Издательский дом «Петрополис», 2010. С. 113—142.

Ильин И.А. Пророческое призвание Пушкина // Пушкин в русской философской критике: Конец XIX — первая половина XX в. М.: Книга, 1990. С. 328—355.

Козлов С.Н. Говорите по-английски стихами. М.: Новая школа, 1994.

Козлов С.Н., Уэст Л. Почему поэзию А.С. Пушкина недооценивают на Западе // Пушкин и современная культура. М.: Наука, 1996. С. 311—319.

Липгарт А. Об английских переводах поэзии и драматургии А.С. Пушкина // А.С. Пушкин. Избранная поэзия в переводах на английский язык. М.: Рудомино; Радуга,1999. С. 5—20.

Мережковский Д.С. Пушкин // Пушкин в русской философской критике: Конец XIX — первая половина XX в. М.: Книга, 1990. С. 92—160.

Набоков В. Комментарий к роману А.С. Пушкина «Евгений Онегин». СПб.: Искусство-СПБ, 1998.

Нейштадт Вл. Пушкин в мировой литературе // Сто лет со дня смерти А.С. Пушкина. Труды Пушкинской сессии Академии наук СССР. М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1938. С. 229—280.

Палиевский П.В. Русские классики. М.: Худ. литература,, 1987.

Пушкин А.С. Собр. соч. М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1937—1949.

Пушкин. Исследования и материалы. / РАН. Ин-т русской литературы (Пушкинский Дом). Т. XV. СПб.: Наука, 1995.

Разумовская В.А. Симметрия художественных текстов и переводов // Язык и культура. 2010. № 4. С. 30—43.

Успенский Г. Пушкин и современность. Отчет о пушкинских торжествах. Июнь 1880 // Русские писатели XX века. Л.: ГИХЛ, 1938.

Челышев Е.П. Пушкиноведение: Итоги и перспективы // Москва. 1995. № 6. С. 116—131.

Чуковский К.И. Онегин на чужбине // Дружба народов. 1988. № 4. С. 324—347.

Эткинд Е. Поэзия А.С. Пушкина во французских переводах // А.С. Пушкин. Избранная поэзия в переводах на французский язык. М.: Рудомино; Радуга, 1999. С. 5—22.

A.S. Pushkin: Eugene Onegin: Novel in Verse = Пушкин А.С. Евгений Онегин / Пер. на англ. яз. Козлова С.Н. М.: Союз, 1994.

A.S. Pushkin: Eugene Onegin: Novel in Verse = Пушкин А.С. Евгений Онегин / Пер. на англ. яз. Козлова С.Н. М.: РОЙ, 1998.a.

A.S. Pushkin: Selected Lirycs = Пушкин А.С. Избранная лирика / Пер. на англ. яз. Козлова С.Н. М.: РОЙ, 1998.b.

Bullock P.R. "Untranslated and Untranslatable? Pushkin's Poetry in English, 1892—1931." Translation and Literature 20.3 (2011): 348—372.

Lachmann R., Pettus M. "Alexander Pushkin's Novel in Verse, Eugene Onegin, and Its Legacy in the Work of Vladimir Nabokov." Pushkin Review 14.1 (2011): 1—33.

Nabokov V. "Problems of Translating "Onegin" into English." Partisan Rewiew 22 (1955) 496—512.

Piette A. "Alexander Pushkin: Eugene Onegin (review)." Translation and Literature 16.1 (2007): 119—125.

Pouchkine A. Oeuvres poetiques. Lausanne: L'Age D'Homme, 1981, en 2 t.

Pushkin A. Eugene Onegin. A Novel in Verse. Trans. Vladimir Nabokov. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Pushkin A.S. The Poems, Prose and Plays of Alexander Pushkin. Ed. A. Yarmolinsky New York: Modern Library, 1936.

Rosengrant J. "Nabokov, Onegin, and the Theory of Translation." Slavic and East European Journal 38.1 (1994): 13—27.

Sergay T.D. "Translation and the Individual Talent: The Splendid Isolation of Our Retranslators of Russian Classics." Translation Review 71.1 (2006): 37—40.

Chelyshev E.P.

From the Comprehension History of Meanings of Pushkin's Text: Problems of Language, Understanding and Culture of Translation

Evgeny P. Chelyshev, D.Litt., Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Science, Member of RAS Presidium, co-Chairman of RAS Scientific Council on Study and Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage, Honoured Worker of Science, Member of Bureau of Indian Philosophical Society, Asian Society (Calcutta), Literary Academy of India, Corresponding Member of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences

E-mail: chelyshev@ras.ru

In the first quarter of the 20th century, the problem of dialogue and understanding becomes globally important, not only in real life, but also in the development of the spiritual wealth of cultural heritage, that is why the problem of comprehension of the meaning of cultural works in different times and of different peoples, the identification of the positions and ideas of their creators that reflect spiritual pursuits of the era and become the basis of human values has become particularly acute. Understanding of the meaning of literary works have been written in past eras and within other cultures requires not only the knowledge and understanding of the total contents, but also a deep penetration into the spiritual world of human as representative of other culture. That fact we could clearly trace in such area as the translation of literary works from one language into another. This is especially important in poetry, where the strength of the emotional tension, of their national specific experiences in the works of great poets is intertwined with universal meaning of life.

Perhaps, it is difficult to find a more striking example than the translations of the poetry written by A.S. Pushkin into different languages. For us, the Russians, there is no doubt that Pushkin belongs to the constellation of the great writers whose works have become a living heritage of not only national but also of the worldwide literature. Though, speaking about Russian literature, the foreigners refer primarily to the names of Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, and Anton Chekhov.

My article is a brief outline of the history of the translations of Pushkin's poetry in three European languages: English, French and German, and the problems that arose in the past, and arise now in the translation of the texts written by Pushkin. The key methods used in this study are the intertextual method which helps to identify meaningful connections and transformation of Pushkin's poetic text and its translations, as well as an approach that is named эspecific literary criticism.э The essence of this method consists in that a literary work extends beyond the text frame, and is perceived on the background of the reality, and in connection with it. The most important method that allows me to assess the closeness of the translation to the original text is the method of the intonological analysis. Without belittling the tremendous value of the work which was done by Vladimir Nabokov as translator and commentator of "Eugene Onegin," I, however, show how important is a poetic translation of this work and other poetry by Pushkin. I make it clear that a translator can with mathematical precision keep the number of lines, of stressed syllables, rhyming system, etc., but not necessarily to achieve a high quality of translation, they need to combine the culture of translation, and knowledge in the field of the Russian language and history, and finally, a special gift, allowing to transfer the emotional tension of Pushkin's poetry. The most successful translations in my opinion are translations done by Walter Arndt (in English), Elim Meshchersky, Louis Aragon and André Markowicz (in French), Karolina Pavlova (her French and German translations of Pushkin's poetry I esteem as unsurpassed) and Rolf-Dietrich Keil (in German).

Even a brief analysis of the successes and failures of translation allows me to conclude the study of the history of the translation of Pushkin's poetry is still the weak link in the development of domestic and foreign Pushkin studies. Meanwhile, ‘Russian soul’, ‘Russian character’ can be best understood and appreciated, if we refer to real Pushkin's texts which are not distorted in the imperfect translation.

Keywords: Alexander Pushkin’s poetry, problems of translation of Pushkin's poetry, translations of ‘Eugene Onegin’, translational culture, cultural and historical context.

References: 

Baratynsky E.A. Verses. Poems. Prose. Letters. Moscow: Goslitizdat Publisher, 1956. (In Russian).

Baskov Yu.S. "On the Matter of Translation of Alexander Pushkin’s Lyrical Texts into English." Herald of Kuban Social and Economic Institute. Series Economy. Right. Press 4 (2013): 8—13. (In Russian).

Belinsky V.G. Complete Writings. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1955, volume 7. (In Russian).

Bullock P.R. "Untranslated and Untranslatable? Pushkin's Poetry in English, 1892—1931." Translation and Literature 20.3 (2011): 348—372.

Chelyshev E.P. "Pushkin Studies: Results and Prospects." Moskva [Moscow] 6 1995: 116—131. (In Russian).

Chukovsky K.I. "Onegin in Foreign Lands." Friendship of Peoples 4 1988: 324—347. (In Russian).

Danilevsky R. "About Translations of Alexander S. Pushkin’s Poetry and Dramaturgy in German." A.S. Pushkin's Poetry in German Translation. Moscow: Rudomino Publisher; Raduga Publisher, 1999, pp. 5—14. (In Russian).

Dostoevsky F.r Collected Writings. Leningrad: Nauka Publisher, 1984, volume 26.

Etkind E. "A.S. Pushkin’s Poetry in French Translation." A.S. Pushkin. Selected Poetry in French Translation. Moscow: Rudomino Publisher; Raduga Publisher, 1999, pp. 5—22. (In Russian).

Gasparov M.L. "Classics." Brief Literary Encyclopedia. Ed. A.A. Surkov. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsyklopediya Publisher. 1966, volume 3, column 585. (In Russian).

Gnedich N.I. Verses. Leningrad: Sovetsky pisatel Publisher, 1956. (In Russian).

Gogol N.V. "A Few Words about Pushkin." Complete Writings. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1952, volume 8, pp. 50—55. . (In Russian).

Ilyin I.A. "Pushkin’s Prophetic Calling." Pushkin in Russian Philosophical Criticism: End of 19th — First Half of 20th Centuries. Moscow: Kniga Publisher, 1990, pp. 328—355. (Un Russian).

Institute of Russian Literature of Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House). Pushkin. Research and Materials. St. Petersburg: Nauka Publisher, 1995, volume XV. (In Russian).

Kozlov S.N. Speak English in Verse. Moscow: Novaya shkola Publisher, 1994. (In Russian and English).

Kozlov S.N., West L.A. "Why A.S. Pushkin’s Poetry Is Underestimated in the West." Pushkin and Modern Culture. Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1996, pp. 311—319. (In Russian).

Lachmann R., Pettus M. "Alexander Pushkin's Novel in Verse, Eugene Onegin, and Its Legacy in the Work of Vladimir Nabokov." Pushkin Review 14.1 (2011): 1—33.

Lipgart A. "On the English Translations of A.S. Pushkin’s Poetry and Dramturgy." A.S. Pushkin. Selected Poetry in English Translation. Moscow: Rudomino Publisher; Raduga Publisher, 1999, pp. 5—20. (In Russian).

Merezhkovsky D.S. "Pushkin." Pushkin in Russian Philosophical Criticism: End of 19th — First Half of 20th Centuries. Moscow: Kniga Publisher, 1990, pp. 92—160. (In Russian).

Nabokov V. "Problems of Translating "Onegin" into English." Partisan Rewiew 22 (1955) 496—512.

Nabokov V. Commentary on A.S. Pushkin's Novel "Eugene Onegin". St. Petersburg: Iskusstvo-SPb Publisher, 1998. (In Russian).

Neishtadt V.l. "Pushkin in the World Literature." One Hundred Years since the Death of Alexander Pushkin. Proceedings of Pushkin Session of USSR Academy of Sciences. Moscow and Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1938, pp. 229—280. (In Russian).

Palievsky PV Russian Classics. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura Publisher, 1987. (In Russian).

Piette A. "Alexander Pushkin: Eugene Onegin (review)." Translation and Literature 16.1 (2007): 119—125.

Pouchkine A. Oeuvres poetiques. Lausanne: L'Age D'Homme, 1981, en 2 t.

Pushkin A. Eugene Onegin. A Novel in Verse. Trans. Vladimir Nabokov. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Pushkin A.S. Complete Writings. Moscow and Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1937—1949. (In Russian).

Pushkin A.S. The Poems, Prose and Plays of Alexander Pushkin. Ed. A. Yarmolinsky New York: Modern Library, 1936.

Pushkin A.S., Kozlov S.N., trans. Eugene Onegin: Novel in Verse. Trans. S.N. Kozlov. Moscow: ROY Publisher, 1998.

Pushkin A.S., Kozlov S.N., trans. Selected Lirycs. Trans. S.N. Kozlov. Moscow: ROY Publisher, 1998.

 Pushkin A.S., Kozlov S.V., trans. Eugene Onegin: Novel in Verse. Trans. S.N. Kozlov. Moscow: Soyuz Publisher, 1994.

Razumovskaya V.A. "The Symmetry of Literary Texts and Translations." Language and Culture 4 (2010): 30—43. (In Russian).

Rosengrant J. "Nabokov, Onegin, and the Theory of Translation." Slavic and East European Journal 38.1 (1994): 13—27.

Sergay T.D. "Translation and the Individual Talent: The Splendid Isolation of Our Retranslators of Russian Classics." Translation Review 71.1 (2006): 37—40.

Uspensky G. "Pushkin and Modernity. Report on Pushkin Celebrations. June 1880." Russian Writers of the 20th Century. Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaya literature Publisher, 1938. (In Russian).

"Vladimir Nabokov’s Conversation with Pierre Domergue." Zvezda [The Star] 11 1996: 56—64. (In Russian).

Zaborov P.R. "‘Russian Identity’ in Émile Dupré de Saint-Maure’s Literary Heritage." On the History of Ideas in the West: ‘Russian Idea. St. Petersburg: RAS Institute of World Literature (the Pushkin House) Publisher, Petropolis Publisher, 2010, pp. 113—142. (In Russian).